an unnecessarily detailed normal friday

an unnecessarily detailed normal friday my alarm goes off at 8am, and i turn it off in probably enough seconds to annoy caleb01 my roommate as i go back to sleep without even thinking. eventually, though, its 9:30 and i should really get up, so i climb02 in room 251, we all have Next House Approved^TM lofts down my bed, throw on the clothes i wore last night to see endgame03 i wont give any spoilers. its both happy and sad, and it was definitely really good but not amazing. , pack my laptop, and head out of next house in light rain.04 i was fortunate to acquire both a waterproof jacket and a waterproof backpack this year, so rain is something i no longer dread im definitely going to be a little late to class05 i have been trying my hardest to never come late to class again in order to not disappoint aikawa-sensei. the story goes like: id been late to class a couple times, and one day we were writing practice sentences using the grammar we had just learned. i decided to link my sentences into a story about how i was late to class and its bad. well, aikawa-sensei was going around and reading peoples sentences, and she read mine, smiled, then looked at me with a serious face and said simply, ??????? i swear, that simple sentence hits harder than a pound of brick. dont ever discipline your kids with force, just convey disappointment like aikawa-sensei can. at this rate06 i left next house at 9:50, it takes about 15 minutes to get to building 14, class starts at 10:05, plus theres a vocab quiz. , but i might as well try to get there sooner than later. cory07 my roommate hasnt even passed08 cory takes an electric scooter to class me yet, so im a little worried for him, but he should be fine. i get to class fine, at exactly 10:05, saying a hurried nod and ? ?????????09 its polite to say good morning. ? before taking a seat for Japanese 6. cory gets here fine, but kevin10 kevin is a frosh in 2E - my hall - and is a precious boy. in fact, my hall is quite weeb and a significant number of people have taken at least one japanese class at MIT. and also there are like, four freshmen in japanese 6 right now, which is, well, huh. is nowhere to be seen. we learned about vending machines in japan, and that they rank second in number of installed vending machines in the world.11 behind the US, though the textbook is dated they serve both cold and hot drinks, they talk in ???12 the most popular dialect of japanese besides the tokyo dialect , they make ramen, they sell tickets for ramen, they use Machine Learning to recognize your face and recommend drinks. its fascinatingly terrifying.13 i think back to the reddit post i read last night that quipped that tokyo was the future that the 90s promised me. ive been inconsistent with going to 6.85714 cryptography, security recitations but i decide that today was a good day, so i head on over to the green building and head up three flights of stairs to the next floor.15 the story goes like this: I.M. Pei sought to create the tallest building in cambridge. at the time, there was a height code that stated that buildings could be no taller than 18 stories. I.M. Pei had the galaxy brain idea to simply build the Green Building on stilts so that the first story was the equivalent of three stories high, thus creating a 20-story 18-story building. theres nobody in the seats of 54-10016 a lecture hall today, but the TAs are there. Is there recitation today? i ask. Nope, instead of recitation were holding a sort-of office hours if you have any questions or need any help on the final project. cool, nice. i say thanks and walk out. then pause, and walk back in. Do you know what the grade cutoffs are looking like? I dont know, to be honest. So lets say you did average on the quiz, and youre doing pretty alright for the psets. Where would I be? Well Id say youd be in the A/B range. It would depend on your final project. cool, nice. i say thanks and walk out. its 11:30 am and ive decided to stop at lobby 7 to open up my laptop for a bit. i see a tour group forming and hear a familiar voice. one of my friends is the tour group leader.17 though now i havent got the time, freshman year summer was when i gave a lot of campus tours. the formats also changed due to new campus additions everywhere and i couldnt even sub for someone now i smile and realize that probably nobody sitting in this institutized18 the café in lobby 7 used to be peets coffee, and they had the mocha javiva, which is an iced blended coffee and mocha drink that in my opinion was to die for. but now its been replaced with bosworths café and the iced blended drink is no more. well, dunkin is the way to go now i guess. café are actual MIT students, and that theyre all holding MIT walking tour flyers and taking pictures. there is someone to my right on a close-to-back-cover page of genki 1,19 genki 1 is the textbook used by japanese 1 and 2. japanese 1 covers the first six chapters of genki 1 and japanese 2 covers the last six chapters. japanese 1 is offered in the fall and IAP, japanese 2 is offered in the spring. though, so i know theyre the same as me. i realize that i need to read several things before 2pm today, first and foremost being another design project20 the final group project where were trying to design a system that is better than the current 6.033 grading and submission system, which is honestly pretty all over the place and could use some work, though its not as bad as you would think teams preliminary report21 the first milestone assignment for the design project for the peer review.22 one of the many things we have to do because this class is a CI-M, i.e. tons of writing i decide to do the reading in building 12.23 mit.nano before i begin, shardul24 a lovely frosh from toons walks up to me and holds my hand. there are no places to sit, shardul said. yeah. i dislike this. yeah. i am going to go somewhere else now. go do that. we stare into each others eyes for maybe five seconds, then shardul nods and smiles and walks away. 25 i love shardul. i head to 6.033 in building 66. peer review was fine, i said maybe like three or four sentences for the entire actual thing, there were lots of people in the discussion group so it wasnt like i was pressured to say anything.26 nisha probably said the most out of anyone. and just like that, my days over. what happens next is up to me. i browse reddit27 unfortunately the main source of procrastination, though i dont regret it for a second and find out that they teased a new league of legends champion, and her name is yuumi and shes a cute adorable cat. i immediately send joanna28 my so a link and send messages along the lines of SHE HAS AN ABILITY CALLED ZOOMIES and she also has a voice line that goes something like shields, heals, cuddles! and i really vibe with that. its 3pm. i decide to take the walk back home to next house, seeing as im kind of tired and feel like taking a nap. its still raining lightly, but less so than before. theres a taco truck parked outside of kresge that i couldnt buy from even if i wanted.29 unforunately, my bank account is all zeroes. in fact, one could say that this very blog post is partially motivated by my desire to not subsist on dining food on a daily basis. kales watching something on his laptop. im going to take my clothes out of the dryer from yesterday and take a nap. i end up staying in next house for the rest of the day. the rain started to get worse and by 8pm, lightning crackles in the sky. i put my laundry on the rug under my bed and contemplate folding it but decide30 like a degenerate to not fold it and leave that for tomorrow. tonight we watch letterkenny  with the boys and play 1000 blank white cards31 our hall liked to play mao on a near-constant basis once upon a time. this game was a good alternative. for the first time. its a good example of a next-house-y friday night.32 along with all the other things that weekend nights at MIT usually imply before i know it, its 2am and my head kind of hurts so i climb into bed and within ten seconds, im out like a log. my roommate back to text ? in room 251, we all have Next House Approved^TM lofts back to text ? i won't give any spoilers. it's both happy and sad, and it was definitely really good but not amazing. back to text ? i was fortunate to acquire both a waterproof jacket and a waterproof backpack this year, so rain is something i no longer dread back to text ? i have been trying my hardest to never come late to class again in order to not disappoint aikawa-sensei. the story goes like: i'd been late to class a couple times, and one day we were writing practice sentences using the grammar we had just learned. i decided to link my sentences into a story about how i was late to class and it's bad. well, aikawa-sensei was going around and reading people's sentences, and she read mine, smiled, then looked at me with a serious face and said simply, ??????? i swear, that simple sentence hits harder than a pound of brick. don't ever discipline your kids with force, just convey disappointment like aikawa-sensei can. back to text ? i left next house at 9:50, it takes about 15 minutes to get to building 14, class starts at 10:05, plus there's a vocab quiz. back to text ? my roommate back to text ? cory takes an electric scooter to class back to text ? it's polite to say good morning. back to text ? kevin is a frosh in 2E - my hall - and is a precious boy. in fact, my hall is quite weeb and a significant number of people have taken at least one japanese class at MIT. and also there are like, four freshmen in japanese 6 right now, which is, well, huh. back to text ? behind the US, though the textbook is dated back to text ? the most popular dialect of japanese besides the tokyo dialect back to text ? i think back to the reddit post i read last night that quipped that 'tokyo was the future that the 90's promised me. back to text ? cryptography, security back to text ? the story goes like this: I.M. Pei sought to create the tallest building in cambridge. at the time, there was a height code that stated that buildings could be no taller than 18 stories. I.M. Pei had the galaxy brain idea to simply build the Green Building on 'stilts' so that the first story was the equivalent of three stories high, thus creating a 20-story 18-story building. back to text ? a lecture hall back to text ? though now i haven't got the time, freshman year summer was when i gave a lot of campus tours. the format's also changed due to new campus additions everywhere and i couldn't even sub for someone now back to text ? the café in lobby 7 used to be peets coffee, and they had the mocha javiva, which is an iced blended coffee and mocha drink that in my opinion was to die for. but now it's been replaced with bosworth's café and the iced blended drink is no more. well, dunkin is the way to go now i guess. back to text ? genki 1 is the textbook used by japanese 1 and 2. japanese 1 covers the first six chapters of genki 1 and japanese 2 covers the last six chapters. japanese 1 is offered in the fall and IAP, japanese 2 is offered in the spring. back to text ? the final group project where we're trying to design a system that is better than the current 6.033 grading and submission system, which is honestly pretty all over the place and could use some work, though it's not as bad as you would think back to text ? the first 'milestone' assignment for the design project back to text ? one of the many things we have to do because this class is a CI-M, i.e. tons of writing back to text ? mit.nano back to text ? a lovely frosh from toons back to text ? i love shardul. back to text ? nisha probably said the most out of anyone. back to text ? unfortunately the main source of procrastination, though i don't regret it for a second back to text ? my so back to text ? unforunately, my bank account is all zeroes. in fact, one could say that this very blog post is partially motivated by my desire to not subsist on dining food on a daily basis. back to text ? like a degenerate back to text ? our hall liked to play mao on a near-constant basis once upon a time. this game was a good alternative. back to text ? along with all the other things that weekend nights at MIT usually imply back to text ?

The Unknown Culture Shock - 2100 Words

The Unknown†¦. Culture Shock Moving from a place that we are so familiar with into the unknown is a terrifying feeling we could experience. It is a terrifying feeling because we get attached to the place that we come to know and love. We are familiar with the streets that we drive on, and the houses around the neighborhood. We are familiar with the people around our surroundings. We know how to get from one place to another. It is a daily routine that we come are comfortable with however, we should always welcome change since it is part of life to take risks. It pushes us to come out of our comfort zone and take a different outlook on life. Although, it is a hard thing to do sometimes since we are close-minded and frankly, we are never ready for change. We fear what the outcome will be. Anxiety plays a role that clouds up our thoughts and prevents us from seeing. We cannot always be held in our comfort zone because one day things can change and then we will be forced to enter into the unknown and that is when c ulture shock occurs. Culture shock can occur at any point in a person’s life. Whether it is moving from one country into another or a new school or even a new job. Adapting to new things seems to always be difficult. However, after a while things start to fall into place and one begins to adjust into their new culture and environment. There are times when the circumstances we are in force us to leave our culture behind to enter into the unknown. â€Å"We move into anotherShow MoreRelated Culture Schock Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pages Culture in ancient times was defined as â€Å"the sum total of the equipment of the human individual, which enables him to be attuned to his immediate environment on the historical past on the other†. It reflects in effect what humans have added to Nature. It comprises the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society and includes, in addition to the arts and letters, the value systems, traditions, modes of life and beliefs of the society. It also absorbs from other culturesRead MoreCauses And Disadvantages Of Culture Shock1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe characteristics of culture are languages, beliefs, norms, behaviours and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next. Culture is divided into two section, the material and nonmaterial culture. The material culture are things such as jewellery, art, buildings, weapons, machines, and even utensils, hairstyles and clothing and there is nothing natural about material culture. Then n onmaterial culture is the way groups way of thinking: the beliefs, values and other assumptionsRead MoreCulture Shock By Peter L. Berger990 Words   |  4 PagesPeter L. Berger once said, â€Å"The sociologist routinely experiences culture shock in his own home.† The definition of cultural shock is when someone finds himself or herself in an environment that’s unfamiliar and someone doesn’t really know how to act or do. It is out of the person’s comfort zone and to try to fit and feel included in society, once must first face the uncertainty of how the unknown culture acts like. When the sociologist looks closely at these things, he finds unexpected motives,Read MoreCulture Shock Minus Geographical Displacement834 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Peter Berger means by the first statement, in which he links sociological discovery to culture shock minus geographical displacement, is that sociological discoveries and realizations are very often made in one s own society. When they are made, they might come off as shocking because they are being viewed in a different light. You can go to the nearest church or park and make new discoveries with what you observe in an open state of mind. Sociological discoveries could too make one feel uncomfortableRead MoreCaptain Cook, Marco Polo And Christopher Columbus1082 Words   |  5 Pagesconquer, assist, have fun in, or settle in the country. The journals of Captain Cook, Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus provide very good descriptions of what we have referred to elsewhere (e.g. Ward, Bochner Furnham, 2001) as between-society culture contact. Modern day examples include employees of international organisations, guest workers, overseas students, tourists, immigrants, refugees, missionaries, and peacekeepers. During the last 40 years, the incidence of humans shifting across nationalRead MoreFour Stages of Culture Shock Faced By Immigrants Essay1703 Words   |  7 Pageschange in one’s surroundings can result in culture shock. Culture shock refers to the anxiety and surprise a person feels when he or she is discontented with an unfamiliar setting. The majority of practices or customs are different from what a person is used to. One may experience withdrawal, homesickness, or a desire for old friends. For example, when a person goes to live in a different place with unfamiliar surroundings, they may experience culture shock. Sometimes it is the result of losingRead MoreA Childhood of Emigration: a Commentary on Originally by Carol Ann Duffy1139 Words   |  5 PagesA Childhood of Emigration: A Commentary on â€Å"Originally† by Carol Ann Duffy Outgrowing childhood is leaving many cherished people, memories and treasures behind. Emigrating in childhood is leaving a culture, a language and a home behind. Carol Ann Duffy moved from Glasgow, Scotland to Stafford, England when she was six years old, in the 1960s, thus later writing this poem â€Å"Originally†. Through laying out childhood memories and ending on the note that she hesitates when asked of her origin, CarolRead MoreSynergetic Solutions Essays1298 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, economic shocks, and competition. Technology is the one force that has caused for companies in the technology business to stay innovated and have skills be up to date with the needs of customers. Synergetic Solutions made the attempt to rely on a type of business that would promote slow and steady change and for employees to sustain their skills for a long period of time. Technology is not slow and steady and companies are govern by the change of technology. The economic shocks of g eneratingRead MoreThe Harvest / La Cosecha1490 Words   |  6 Pageswhen they were 8. It is unknown when Perla started picking crops, in fact, it is unknown if Perla or any of her family picks crops at all as they have never been seen engaging in such in any part of the film. Most of the farm workers have learned about crops through their families. Zulema’s grandmother, for example, taught her entire family about crops which became their primary knowledge. The Harvest/La Cosecha Ideal Culture and Real Culture Ideal culture is our ideas, values, andRead MoreThe Youth Culture Of Punk1710 Words   |  7 PagesYouth cultures have been subject to a variety of changes since their emergence. Youth cultures that have endured such profound change include rockers, flappers, punks, hippies and skinheads. In this essay I have decided to focus solely on the youth culture of punk, and the differences it has been subject to when the subculture first emerged compared to in a contemporary context. In doing this I have decided to include information about the emergence and origins of punk, features or style of the punk

Employee Privacy Rights In The Workplace Essay - 1390 Words

The issue of privacy is a big concern in the workplace. With the expanding of new technology, many employees are concern about his or, her privacy in the workplace. Employees have the right to go to work knowing that his or, her employer will not invade their privacy. The rights to privacy in the workplace only provide limited protection for workers against monitoring and breach of confidentiality. The National Work Rights Institute states, under the federal law, the limited protection the Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 provides to employees has been reduced because the statue has been outdated. Electronic monitoring has seen a tremendous growth in the workplace, in the past 10 years. The National Work Rights Institute†¦show more content†¦So, employers are using a strategy, such as monitoring to ensure productivity in the workplace. According to the Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986, an employer can monitor their employee to ensure adequate job performance and supervise customer contacts. The most common form of an invasion, to employee privacy rights is email. With the massive use of computers, email has become the biggest communication tool of choice in the workplace. The concern of employers has grown tremendously with the use of email in the workplace. Employers concern is that, employees can waste time by sending and receiving email for personal use, and they may provide easy access for hackers to entry their computer system. Employers can monitor an employee computer activity to ensure productivity in the workplace. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (2006) states, Unfortunately, if an employee uses a company computer for email use, the employee employer has the right to review the contents of his or her email. 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Instead of identifying and addressing the underlying business and management problems, DS decided to treat the symptoms by turning to SciexPlan Inc. to help radically restructure the work environment through the use of em ployee monitoring technology. Background DS has justified its workRead MoreConstitutional Rights1444 Words   |  6 PagesConstitutional Rights Constitutional Rights are afforded to every American Citizen by the first ten amendments to the Constitution or more commonly known as The Bill of Rights. The fourth amendment of The Bill of Rights applies to all and states, the right of the people to be secure in their persons (para.4). When a person accepts a position anywhere, whether at a small family owned grocery store or a major corporation, one does so with the understanding that some inalienable rights will be given

Developments in the travel and tourism industry Free Essays

Select two recent or current developments in the travel and tourism industry and explain how these developments have affected career opportunities and job roles within the industry. In this first part of the question, I will talk about how technology has affected careers and job roles within the travel tourism industry. Technology has been the biggest development on the travel tourism industry within the last ten years. We will write a custom essay sample on Developments in the travel and tourism industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has allowed many companies to offer improved service to customers and help with the start up of many other businesses. Computers have been used for many years especially within the airline industry for tasks such as check in and ATC (Air Traffic Control), but now computers are being used in travel agents and tour operators. This could have affect on jobs, as computerisation will lead to less paper work. Computers are also used to access the Internet and customers are seeing the benefits of using this method of booking. Online booking also cuts out paying the travel agent commission; prices are also generally lower on the Internet. A new type of travel agent is appearing on the Internet, which specialises in e-commerce (electronic business) and example of this type of organisation is Expedia. Organisations such as this can be used to book all the principles of a holiday in one place. This also affects jobs, as only two or three people will need to be employed to ensure the systems work properly. This could affect many travel agents; some have already closed, as they cannot compete with the competition that is being given from online organisations. Some companies may choose to integrate, but this can also lead to a loss in jobs, as the amount of staff required maybe lower. As I mentioned previously, computers have been used in the airline and airport sector for many years. Airlines now use computers in a different way. Thanks to the advances in technology, passengers can now check in using a kiosk within the terminal building and at Waterloo Station, London, when travelling with British Airways. It is also possible to check in online 24 hours before a flight departure. The introduction of check in kiosks will inevitably mean that fewer customer service agents will be required. Not all development within the industry will lead to loss of jobs; one example of this is Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport. More staff will be employed when British Airways moves all of its flights and services from Terminal 1 4 to Terminal 5. More staff will be employed to work within shops, stations and facilities that will be available to customers when the terminal opens in 2008. Aircraft are also becoming more technologically advanced, two of the world biggest aircraft manufactures, Boeing and Airbus are developing new aircraft that will changed the way passengers travel. The Airbus A380 will become the largest civil aircraft in the world; and will have a maximum captivity will be 840 passengers. Singapore Airlines among others will be modifying the cabin to included bars, shops and gyms that will require staff to attend and maintain while in the air. There will be more career opportunities such as cabin crew and aircraft pilot when the new aircraft are introduced into service. An extension of aircraft is the possibility of space travel. Staff that will be employed for space travel will have to be trained to a higher level of health and safety and will be specialised in the working of and running of the craft. Visitor attractions have been using technology to their advantage. The safety of rides in theme parks can closely be monitored with computers, if a hazard occurs it can be located quickly and action can be taken. This will reduced the amount of mechanics needed to look after the rides. Technology has also allowed rides to have a higher thrill factor without compromising the safety of riders. Thorpe Park is the first theme park in the world to have a ten-loop roller coaster. It is kept safe with the use of computers, so that the ride operators can ensure high levels of safety. How to cite Developments in the travel and tourism industry, Papers

KINE 4000 Psychology of Sport Flashcard

KINE 4000 Psychology of Sport

Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points Speech

Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points Speech On Jan. 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson stood in front of a joint session of Congress and gave a speech known as The Fourteen Points. At the time, the world was embroiled in the First World War and Wilson was hoping to find a way to not only end the war peacefully but to ensure it never would  happen again. A Policy of Self-Determination Today and then, Woodrow Wilson is viewed as both a highly intelligent president and a hopeless idealist. The Fourteen Points speech was in part based on Wilsons own diplomatic leanings, but also written with the research assistance of his secret panel of experts known as The Inquiry. These men included the likes of crusading journalist Walter Lippman and several distinguished historians, geographers, and political scientists. The Inquiry was led by presidential advisor Edward House and assembled in 1917 to help Wilson prepare to start negotiations to end World War I. Much of the intent of Wilsons Fourteen Points speech was to oversee the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian empire, set out the overarching rules of behavior, and ensure that the United States would only play a minor role in the reconstruction. Wilson considered self-determination a crucial part of the successful establishment of the disparate states in the aftermath of the war. At the same time, Wilson himself recognized the inherent danger in creating states whose populations were ethnically divided. Returning Alsace-Lorraine to France, and restoring Belgium were relatively straightforward. But what to do about Serbia, with a major percentage of the non-Serbian population? How could Poland have access to the sea without including territories owned by ethnic Germans? How can Czechoslovakia include three million ethnic Germans in Bohemia? The decisions that were made by Wilson and The Inquiry did not resolve those conflicts, although it is likely that Wilsons 14th point creating a League of Nations, was proffered in an attempt to build infrastructure to resolve those conflicts going forward. But the same dilemma exists unresolved today: How to safely balance self-determination and ethnic disparity? Summary of the Fourteen Points Since many of the countries involved in WWI had been drawn into it to honor long-standing, private alliances, Wilson asked that there be no more secret alliances (Point 1). And since the United States had specifically entered the war because of Germanys announcement of unlimited submarine warfare, Wilson advocated for the open use of the seas (Point 2). Wilson also proposed open trade between countries (Point 3) and the reduction of armaments (Point 4). Point 5 addressed the needs of colonial peoples and Points 6 through 13 discussed specific land claims per country. Point 14 was the most important on Woodrow Wilsons list; it advocated for an international organization to be established that would be responsible for helping to keep peace among the nations. This organization was later established and called the League of Nations. Reception Wilsons speech was well received in the United States, with some notable exceptions, including former president Theodore Roosevelt, who described it as both high-sounding and meaningless. The Fourteen Points were accepted by the Allied Powers, as well as by Germany and Austria as the basis for peace negotiations. The only covenant of the League of Nations that was totally rejected by the allies was a provision pledging the members of the league to ensure religious freedom. However, Wilson became physically ill at the start of the Paris Peace Conference, and French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau was able to advance his own countrys demands beyond what was laid out in the 14 Points speech. The differences between the Fourteen Points and the resulting Treaty of Versailles raised great anger in Germany, leading to the rise of National Socialism, and ultimately the Second World War. The Full Text of Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points Speech Gentlemen of the Congress: Once more, as repeatedly before, the spokesmen of the Central Empires have indicated their desire to discuss the objects of the war and the possible basis of a general peace. Parleys have been in progress at Brest-Litovsk between Russsian representatives and representatives of the Central Powers to which the attention of all the belligerents have been invited for the purpose of ascertaining whether it may be possible to extend these parleys into a general conference with regard to terms of peace and settlement. The Russian representatives presented not only a perfectly definite statement of the principles upon which they would be willing to conclude peace but also an equally definite program of the concrete application of those principles. The representatives of the Central Powers, on their part, presented an outline of settlement which, if much less definite, seemed susceptible of liberal interpretation until their specific program of practical terms was added. That program proposed no concessions at all either to the sovereignty of Russia or to the preferences of the populations with whose fortunes it dealt, but meant, in a word, that the Central Empires were to keep every foot of territory their armed forces had occupied- every province, every city, every point of vantage- as a permanent addition to their territories and their power. Russian-Led Negotiations It is a reasonable conjecture that the general principles of settlement which they at first suggested originated with the more liberal statesmen of Germany and Austria, the men who have begun to feel the force of their own peoples thought and purpose, while the concrete terms of actual settlement came from the military leaders who have no thought but to keep what they have got. The negotiations have been broken off. The Russian representatives were sincere and in earnest. They cannot entertain such proposals of conquest and domination. The whole incident is full of significances. It is also full of perplexity. With whom are the Russian representatives dealing? For whom are the representatives of the Central Empires speaking? Are they speaking for the majorities of their respective parliaments or for the minority parties, that military and imperialistic minority which has so far dominated their whole policy and controlled the affairs of Turkey and of the Balkan states which have felt obliged to become their associates in this war? The Russian representatives have insisted, very justly, very wisely, and in the true spirit of modern democracy, that the conferences they have been holding with the Teutonic and Turkish statesmen should be held within open, not closed, doors, and all the world has been the audience, as was desired. To whom have we been listening, then? To those who speak the spirit and intention of the resolutions of the German Reichstag of the 9th of July last, the spirit and intention of the Liberal leaders and parties of Germany, or to those who resist and defy that spirit and intention and insist upon conquest and subjugation? Or are we listening, in fact, to both, unreconciled and in open and hopeless contradiction? These are very serious and pregnant questions. Upon the answer to them depends the peace of the world. The Challenge of Brest-Litovsk But, whatever the results of the parleys at Brest-Litovsk, whatever the confusions of counsel and of purpose in the utterances of the spokesmen of the Central Empires, they have again attempted to acquaint the world with their objects in the war and have again challenged their adversaries to say what their objects are and what sort of settlement they would deem just and satisfactory. There is no good reason why that challenge should not be responded to and responded to with the utmost candor. We did not wait for it. Not once, but again and again, we have laid our whole thought and purpose before the world, not in general terms only, but each time with sufficient definition to make it clear what sort of definite terms of settlement must necessarily spring out of them. Within the last week, Mr. Lloyd George has spoken with admirable candor and in admirable spirit for the people and Government of Great Britain. There is no confusion of counsel among the adversaries of the Central Powers, no uncertainty of principle, no vagueness of detail. The only secrecy of counsel, the only lack of fearless frankness, the only failure to make a definite statement of the objects of the war, lies with Germany and her allies. The issues of life and death hang upon these definitions. No statesman who has the least conception of his responsibility ought for a moment to permit himself to continue this tragical and appalling outpouring of blood and treasure unless he is sure beyond a peradventure that the objects of the vital sacrifice are part and parcel of the very life of Society and that the people for whom he speaks think them right and imperative as he does. Defining Principles of Self-Determination There is, moreover, a voice calling for these definitions of principle and of purpose which is, it seems to me, more thrilling and more compelling than any of the many moving voices with which the troubled air of the world is filled. It is the voice of the Russian people. They are prostrate and all but hopeless, it would seem, before the grim power of Germany, which has hitherto known no relenting and no pity. Their power, apparently, is shattered. And yet their soul is not subservient. They will not yield either in principle or in action. Their conception of what is right, of what is humane and honorable for them to accept, has been stated with a frankness, a largeness of view, a generosity of spirit, and a universal human sympathy which must challenge the admiration of every friend of mankind; and they have refused to compound their ideals or desert others that they themselves may be safe. They call to us to say what it is that we desire, in what, if in anything, our purpose and our spirit differ from theirs; and I believe that the people of the United States would wish me to respond, with utter simplicity and frankness. Whether their present leaders, believe it or not, it is our heartfelt desire and hopes that some way may be opened whereby we may be privileged to assist the people of Russia to attain their utmost hope of liberty and ordered peace. The Processes of Peace It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part, we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The program of the worlds peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this: The Fourteen Points I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act, the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Righting Wrongs In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right, we feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together against the Imperialists. We cannot be separated in interest or divided in purpose. We stand together until the end. For such arrangements and covenants, we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war, which this program does remove. We have no jealousy of German greatness, and there is nothing in this program that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright and very enviable. We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade if sh e is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace-loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world,- the new world in which we now live,- instead of a place of mastery. Neither do we presume to suggest to her any alteration or modification of her institutions. But it is necessary, we must frankly say, and necessary as a preliminary to any intelligent dealings with her on our part, that we should know whom her spokesmen speak for when they speak to us, whether for the Reichstag majority or for the military party and the men whose creed is imperial domination. Justice to All People and Nationalities We have spoken now, surely, in terms too concrete to admit of any further doubt or question. An evident principle runs through the whole program I have outlined. It is the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities, and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and safety with one another, whether they be strong or weak. Unless this principle be made its foundation no part of the structure of international justice can stand. The people of the United States could act upon no other principle; and to the vindication of this principle, they are ready to devote their lives, their honor, and everything they possess. The moral climax of this the culminating and final war for human liberty has come, and they are ready to put their own strength, their own highest purpose, their own integrity and devotion to the test. Sources: Chace, James. The Wilsonian Moment? The Wilson Quarterly (1976-) 25.4 (2001): 34-41. Print. Jacobson, Harold K. Structuring the Global System: American Contributions to International Organization. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 428 (1976): 77-90. Print. Lynch, Allen. Woodrow Wilson and the Principle of National Self-Determination: A Reconsideration. Review of International Studies 28.2 (2002): 419-36. Print. Tucker, Robert W. Woodrow Wilsons New Diplomacy. World Policy Journal 21.2 (2004): 92-107. Print.

Invention and Development of the Steam Engine

Invention and Development of the Steam Engine Steam engines are mechanisms that use heat to create steam, which in turn performs mechanical processes, known generally as  work.  While several inventors and innovators worked on various aspects of using steam for power, the major development of early steam engines involves three inventors and three principal engine designs.   Thomas Savery and the First Steam Pump The first steam engine used for work was patented by the Englishman Thomas Savery in 1698 and was used to pump water out of mine shafts. The basic process involved a cylinder that was filled with water. Steam was then delivered to the cylinder, displacing the water, which flowed out through a one-way valve. Once all of the water was ejected, the cylinder was sprayed with cool water to drop the cylinders temperature and condense the steam inside. This created a vacuum inside the cylinder, which then pulled up additional water to refill the cylinder, completing the pump cycle.   Thomas Newcomens Piston Pump Another Englishman,  Thomas Newcomen, improved on Slaverys pump with a design he developed around 1712. Newcomens engine included a piston inside of a cylinder. The top of the piston was connected to one end of a pivoting beam. A pump mechanism was connected to the other end of the beam so that water was drawn up whenever the beam tilted up on the pump end. To propel the pump, steam was delivered to the piston cylinder. At the same time, a counterweight pulled the beam down on the pump end, which made the piston rise to the top of the steam cylinder. Once the cylinder was full of steam, cool water was sprayed inside the cylinder, quickly condensing the steam and creating a vacuum inside the cylinder. This caused the piston to drop, moving the beam down on the piston end and up on the pump end. The cycle then repeated automatically as long as steam was applied to the cylinder.   Newcomens piston design effectively created a separation between the water being pumped out and the cylinder used to create the pumping power. This greatly improved  on the efficiency of Slaverys original design. However, because Saverys held a broad patent on his own steam pump, Newcomen had to collaborate with Savery to patent the piston pump.   James Watts Improvements Scotsman James Watt  significantly improved and developed the steam engine over the second half of the 18th century, making it a truly viable piece of machinery that helped start the Industrial Revolution. The first major innovation of Watts was to include a separate condenser so that the steam didnt have to be cooled in the same cylinder that contained the piston. This meant the piston cylinder remained at a much more consistent temperature, greatly increasing the fuel efficiency of the engine. Watt also developed an engine that could rotate a shaft, rather than an up-and-down pumping action, as well as a flywheel that allowed for smooth power transfer between the engine and the workload. With these and other innovations, the steam engine became applicable to a variety of factory processes, and Watt and his business partner, Matthew Boulton, built several hundred engines for industrial use.   Later Steam Engines The early 19th century saw major innovation of high-pressure steam engines, which were much more efficient than the low-pressure designs of Watts and the others steam-engine pioneers. This led to the development of much smaller, more powerful steam engines that could be used to power trains and boats and to perform a wider range of industrial tasks, such as running saws in mills. Two important innovators of these engines were American Oliver Evans and Englishman Richard Trevithick. Over time, steam engines were replaced by the internal combustion engine for most types of locomotion and industrial work, but the use of steam generators to create electricity remains an important part of electrical power production today.